Gross-to-Net Bubble Hits $356B in 2024—But Growth Slows to 10-Year Low

Is the gross-to-net bubble—the ever-widening gap between brand-name drug sales at list prices and their net revenues after rebates and discounts—finally beginning to deflate?

Drug Channels Institute (DCI) estimates that the gross-to-net reductions for all brand-name drugs reached $356 billion in 2024, a 7% increase over the previous year. Yet despite this record total, the bubble expanded at the slowest rate in at least a decade.

In our analysis below, we highlight five key forces driving this shift. Among them: manufacturers’ evolving market access strategies, which increasingly aim to offset—or circumvent—growing pricing pressure from both commercial and government payers.

Meanwhile, many patients remain adrift in the drug channel’s murky waters. As for SpongeBob SquarePants—the longtime mascot of the gross-to-net bubble here at Drug Channels—he’s still with us…but may be eyeing the exit.

Rewriting the Access Script: A Pharmacist’s View on the Rise of Direct-to-Patient

Today’s guest post comes from Lindsay Reel, VP of Pharmacy Practice & Specialty Solutions at EVERSANA.

In this article, Lindsay shares a pharmacist’s firsthand perspective on the growing complexity of patient access and the limitations of traditional pharmacy models. She argues that emerging Direct-to-Patient (DTP) strategies can reshape the care experience by addressing longstanding inefficiencies, enhancing transparency, and simplifying therapy initiation for both patients and providers.

Visit EVERSANA DIRECT Commercialization | EVERSANA to learn more about EVERSANA’s Direct-to-Patient solution.

Read on for Lindsay’s insights.

The Stelara Biosimilar Price War: How PBM-Affiliated Private Labels Are Reshaping the Market

The 2025 launch of biosimilars to Johnson & Johnson’s Stelara (ustekinumab) marks another turning point in pharmacy benefit dynamics. But unlike the chaotic rollout of Humira biosimilars, pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) came prepared.

Private label strategies, aggressive pricing, and exclusive formulary deals have transformed what might have been a slow-crawling biosimilar introduction into a full-on pricing war. As with Humira, the reality of biosimilar economics is far messier—and more revealing—than the policy narratives suggest.

In this post, I examine how the major PBMs—and some of the smaller ones—are handling Stelara biosimilars, what’s changed since the Humira experience, and why their strategies reflect the growing dominance of private-label rebating schemes.

As always, with great pricing power comes great responsibility. Excelsior!

Drug Channels News Roundup, June 2025: PBM Rebate Flow, 340B’s 2024 Boom, IRA Fallout, MFN Legal Risks—and Mark Cuban’s PBM Rant

Happy 249th birthday, America! Before you launch your July 4 festivities, Drug Channels humbly offers some fact-based fireworks to heal our troubled nation:

• Where the Rebates Really Go

• Another Year of Explosive Growth for the 340B Program

• IRA Fallout for Seniors’ Out-of-Pocket Drug Costs

• Most-Favored-Nation Pricing’s Shaky Legal Foundations

Plus, Mark Cuban's blunt take on why CEOs fuel the PBM status quo.

P.S. Join my nearly 64,000 LinkedIn followers for daily links to neat stuff, along with sharp and thoughtful commentary from the Drug Channels community.

Transparency vs. Reality: Troubling Lessons from PBM Disclosure Laws (rerun)

This week, I’m rerunning some popular posts while I prepare for today’s live video webinar: What’s Next for Retail Pharmacy: Data, Debate, and Disruption. I’ll be joined by special guest Antonio Ciaccia, CEO of 46brooklyn Research, and President of 3 Axis Advisors.

Click here to see the original post from March 2025.

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Last week, President Trump signed yet another executive order, this time promising to make healthcare pricing more transparent.

While this marks another federal push for disclosure, states have already been quite active in this space. Since 2017, 24 states have passed 38 laws targeting healthcare transparency, with a strong focus on unraveling the complex economics of pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs).

But has all this legislation actually provided clarity—or just more red tape?

Below, I analyze four state reports on manufacturers’ rebate and fee payments to PBMs. The findings are dispiriting: mandated disclosures have yielded little actionable, reliable data. Lawmakers got to pat themselves on the back for “transparency,” but the data tell a different story. Federal efforts haven’t been much better.

Should we continue down the path of government-mandated reporting, or should plan sponsors be left to negotiate their own deals? 

Mapping the Vertical Integration of Insurers, PBMs, Specialty Pharmacies, and Providers: DCI’s 2025 Update and Competitive Outlook (rerun)

This week, I’m rerunning some popular posts while I prepare for tomorrow's live video webinar: What’s Next for Retail Pharmacy: Data, Debate, and Disruption. I’ll be joined by special guest Antonio Ciaccia, CEO of 46brooklyn Research, and President of 3 Axis Advisors.

Click here to see the original post from April 2025.

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It's time for Drug Channels’ annual update of vertical integration among insurers, PBMs, specialty pharmacies, and healthcare services within U.S. drug channels. As you can see below, we have revised, renovated, and refurbished our infamous illustration of the major vertical business relationships among the largest companies.

Proponents of these vertical integration arrangements argue that they create opportunities to mine healthcare costs. However, these organizations remain highly controversial, due to the potential for anti-competitive behavior. We summarize some of the key issues below.

While some major companies have narrowed their focus or unwound previous integration efforts, ongoing consolidation and selective deconsolidation will continue to reshape the healthcare biome by trying to build something epic, block by block.

The Top 15 Specialty Pharmacies of 2024: How PBMs, Health Systems, and Independents Are Shaping the Market (rerun)

This week, I’m rerunning some popular posts while I prepare for Friday’s live video webinar: What’s Next for Retail Pharmacy: Data, Debate, and Disruption. I’ll be joined by special guest Antonio Ciaccia, CEO of 46brooklyn Research, and President of 3 Axis Advisors.

Click here to see the original post from April 2025.

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Drug Channels Institute’s (DCI’s) latest analysis reveals that PBM-affiliated specialty pharmacies continue to dominate the dispensing of specialty drugs.

DCI has identified nearly 1,900 dispensing locations with specialty pharmacy accreditation. Below, we share DCI’s latest analysis of the top 15 specialty pharmacies, including updated market shares and revenue estimates.

As in prior years, pharmacies linked to the three largest pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) accounted for two-thirds of prescription revenues from pharmacy-dispensed specialty drugs. We also explore how these pharmacies contribute to PBMs’ profitability—and spotlight the growing influence of provider- and health system-owned dispensing channels.

Once again, “specialty” mostly means affiliated with a PBM.

The Top Pharmacy Benefit Managers of 2024: Market Share and Key Industry Developments (rerun)

This week, I’m rerunning some popular posts while I prepare for Friday’s live video webinar: What’s Next for Retail Pharmacy: Data, Debate, and Disruption. I’ll be joined by special guest Antonio Ciaccia, CEO of 46brooklyn Research, and President of 3 Axis Advisors.

Click here to see the original post from March 2025.

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Three’s still company in the world of pharmacy benefit managers.

For 2024, nearly 80% of all equivalent prescription claims were processed by three familiar companies: the CVS Caremark business of CVS Health, the Express Scripts business of Cigna, and the Optum Rx business of UnitedHealth Group. The names haven’t changed, but shifting relationships and contract shakeups have altered the plot, with Express Scripts stepping into a new lead role.

Below, we break down the latest market share data from Drug Channels Institute (DCI), explore the developments driving these changes, and examine what they signal for the future of the PBM landscape.

The Top 15 U.S. Pharmacies of 2024: Market Shares and Revenues at the Biggest Chains, PBMs, and Specialty Pharmacies (rerun)

This week, I’m rerunning some popular posts while I prepare for Friday’s live video webinar: What’s Next for Retail Pharmacy: Data, Debate, and Disruption. I’ll be joined by special guest Antonio Ciaccia, CEO of 46brooklyn Research, and President of 3 Axis Advisors.

Click here to see the original post from March 2025.

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Next week, Drug Channels Institute (DCI) will release our 2025 Economic Report on U.S. Pharmacies and Pharmacy Benefit Managers. It’s the 16th edition of our popular and comprehensive examination of the entire U.S. drug pricing, reimbursement, and dispensing system.

For 2024, DCI estimates that total prescription dispensing revenues at retail, mail, long-term care, and specialty pharmacies reached $683 billion, up 9% from the 2023 figure. GLP-1 agonist drugs remained the most significant driver of prescription revenue at retail pharmacies, accounting for more than 80% of dispensing revenue growth for 2024.

The table below—one of 268 in our new report—cues up DCI's first look at the 15 largest organizations that battled for those revenues. For a sneak peek at the complete report, click here to download our free 30-page report overview (including key industry trends, What's New in this edition, the Table of Contents, and a List of Exhibits).

Starting with the End in Mind: How Pharma Can Build a Smarter Path to Commercialization

Today’s guest post comes from Sean Wagner, VP of Client Partnerships and Carolyn Zele, Advisor, Solution Consulting at MMIT.

Sean and Carolyn argue that planning for a successful drug launch must begin early—often well before Phase III. In this article, they present a six-step framework to help manufacturers align clinical development with payer expectations, patient needs, and real-world access dynamics.

To learn more, view their latest webinar: Meet the Expert: Developing Your Commercial Strategy in Phases II-III.

Read on for Sean and Carolyn’s insights.

The 340B Contract Pharmacy Market in 2025: Big Chains and PBMs Tighten Their Grip

The 340B Drug Pricing Program has emerged as a growing source of profits for pharmacies and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs).

Drug Channels Institute’s latest exclusive analysis of the 2025 market reveals a highly concentrated market structure increasingly dominated by a handful of major players:

• About 32,000 pharmacy locations—nearly 60% of the entire U.S. pharmacy industry—function as contract pharmacies for the hospitals and federal grantees that participate in the 340B program.

• The 340B contract pharmacy has become increasingly concentrated with five multi-billion-dollar, for-profit, publicly traded pharmacy chains and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs)—Cigna (via Express Scripts), CVS Health, UnitedHealth Group (via Optum Rx), Walgreens, and Walmart.

The 2025 market data below illustrate just how far the 340B program’s operations have diverged from its original intent. As Senator Bill Cassidy recently noted, the 340B program “was never meant to be part of an earnings call. It was meant to be part of patient care.”

For more on what the 340B program’s growth means for pharmacies, join Adam J. Fein, Ph.D., and Antonio Ciaccia on June 20 for a new live video webinar: What’s Next for Retail Pharmacy: Data, Debate, and Disruption.

Moving Beyond Mitigation: Cracking the Maximizer Code to Protect Patient Affordability

Today’s guest post comes from Logan Melchione, VP of Patient Affordability at Paysign.

Logan explores how maximizers have reshaped the patient affordability landscape and pressured pharmaceutical manufacturers to adapt their copay strategies. In this guest post, she outlines her perspective on the limitations of traditional copay solutions, describes Paysign’s data-driven approach to first-fill identification of maximizer impact, and shares how the company reports saving millions while improving patient access.

To request an analysis of your program’s maximizer exposure risk and learn more about Paysign solutions, email affordability@paysign.com or visit paysign.com/rx.

Read on for Logan’s insights.